CORRUSH

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is also termed as “silent killer” due to the lack of experiencing any symptoms until some sudden heart related issues arise. It is a prevalent condition which severely affects the health of the heart. Causation of the coronary artery disease is that when the coronary artery getting narrowed or fully blocked because of the formation of plaque. Since the function of the coronary artery is constant supply of blood which contains oxygen to the heart muscles this condition can lead to sudden cardiac events, which may be fatal.

What Causes Coronary Artery Disease?

Atherosclerosis is the activity which occurs in arteries of the heart where a plaque composed of cholesterol, calcium, waste products and fibrin began accumulating on the artery walls which is a gradual process it reaches a stage when the whole artery will be constricted for the smooth flow of blood and this is the primary issue of the coronary artery disease. The narrowing of arteries is termed as arterial stenosis.  This stenosis restricts blood flow to heart holding essential oxygen and nutrients from it which will lead to conditions such as myocardial ischemia causing chest discomfort called as angina.

Arterial Stenosis Arterial stenosis is a crucial aspect of CAD. As plaque accumulates in the coronary arteries, it narrows the passageway for blood flow, increasing the risk of complications. The degree of stenosis can vary:

• Mild Stenosis: May not cause noticeable symptoms, but can still impact blood flow, particularly during increased physical activity.

• Moderate Stenosis: Often leads to angina or shortness of breath during exertion, as the heart struggles to receive adequate blood supply.

• Severe Stenosis: Can result in significant symptoms even at rest and dramatically increases the risk of a heart attack.

In some cases, severe stenosis may necessitate medical interventions such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to restore blood flow. Blockages in the arteries are fundamentally associated with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). These blockages arise from the accumulation of plaque, which narrows the arteries and impairs blood flow to the heart Types of Blockages

1.Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: This chronic form of coronary artery disease (CAD) is marked by the gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries due to arterial stenosis. Patients may experience stable angina, which is a predictable pattern of chest pain or discomfort often triggered by physical activity or emotional stress. Typically, these symptoms improve with rest or medication.

2.Acute Coronary Syndrome: This is a sudden and serious form of coronary artery disease (CAD) where a plaque can break apart, causing a blood clot to form. This clot can completely block blood flow to the heart, making it a medical emergency that can lead to a heart attack. Symptoms may include strong chest pain, shortness of breath, and discomfort in other areas like the arms, back, or jaw.

Risk Factors for CAD

Several risk factors contribute to the development of CAD, including:

• Age: Increased risk for individuals over 45 years AMAB (assigned male at birth) or over 55 years AFAB (assigned female at birth).

• Family History: A family history of heart disease, especially in close relatives diagnosed at an early age will increase the risk of developing CAD .

• Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices: High intake of saturated fats and refined carbohydrates, lack of exercise, smoking, and inadequate sleep can significantly elevate risk.

• Medical Conditions: Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels can exacerbate plaque buildup in arteries.

Symptoms of CAD Many individuals may live with CAD for years without noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms may arise, including:

• Stable Angina: Temporary chest pain or discomfort that follows a predictable pattern.

• Shortness of Breath: Often experienced during light physical activity.

• Heart Attack: In some cases, the first symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) may be a heart attack, experienced as severe chest pain along with other related symptoms. This can include shortness of breath, nausea, and pain radiating to the arm, jaw, or back. Recognizing these symptoms early is crucial, as prompt medical attention can significantly improve outcomes.

Complications of Coronary Artery Disease The most significant complication of CAD is a heart attack, which occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, leading to damage or death of the heart muscle. Other potential complications include:

• Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation.

• Heart Failure: Over time, CAD can weaken the heart, making it less effective in pumping blood.

• Cardiogenic Shock: A life-threatening condition where the heart suddenly can't pump enough blood.

• Cardiac Arrest: A sudden loss of heart function that requires immediate medical attention.